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Strange as it may seem, the gray, oppressive USSR was founded on a fairy tale. It was built on the twentieth-century magic called "the planned economy," which was going to gush forth an abundance of good things that the lands of capitalism could never match. And just for a little while, in the heady years of the late 1950s, the magic seemed to be working. Red Plenty is about that moment in history, and how it came, and how it went away; about the brief era when, under the rash leadership of Khrushchev, the Soviet Union looked forward to a future of rich communists and envious capitalists, when Moscow would out-glitter Manhattan and every Lada would be better engineered than a Porsche. It's about the scientists who did their genuinely brilliant best to make the dream come true, to give the tyranny its happy ending. Red Plenty is history, it's fiction, it's as ambitious as Sputnik, as uncompromising as an Aeroflot flight attendant, and as different from what you were expecting as a glass of Soviet champagne.… (more)
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Much of the twentieth century was shaped,
During the 1950s, the USSR grew economically faster than any nation except Japan. The world just commemorated the 50th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin’s orbital flight, one of a number of events which seemed to presage the hoped-for surpassing of the West. But growth slowed with the years. The Soviet planners hoped to do much better using modern mathematical techniques, but those hopes foundered on the constraints of the existing system.
Francis Spufford’s book is a nonfiction novel, a hybrid of the two forms. It has the endnotes and extensive bibliography of a well-written nonfiction summary in the secondary literature, and the major sections are introduced with nonfiction discussions of about ten pages each. But the bulk of the book consists of fictional vignettes, with characters both historical and invented, showing how the policy moves played out in the lives of the Russian people.
These vignettes illustrate the great scope of an economy and the complex interactions of the people in it. Spufford is excellent at showing us the variety of the world and peoples’ motivations. In the introduction to part 4, and its first fictional subsection, “The Method of Balances,” we see an important bureaucrat carrying out part of the “balancing” that was needed to ensure that factories produced enough of the right materials to supply industrial and consumer needs. The central quest in the book is the search for ways to use the science of linear programming, implemented on computers, to replace the price signals that a free market economy uses to the same end.
There’s not actually a lot of economics in this book. See Spufford’s bibliography if you want pointers to thorough analyses. The vignettes show us scientists hoping to perfect planning methods, politicians facing success and failure, and everyday people, coping with a Soviet system where money was nearly useless next to connections as a means of getting what one wanted - where a factory manager might reasonably conclude that sabotaging a machine central to his factory might be the only way to save his career.
Spufford is good at imagining the mindset of people who must always choose their words carefully, and who know just what can and cannot be said - a limit which changed over time, and was fairly permissive during the early 1960s, tightening after Krushchev was deposed. These are people whose environment may not be materially comfortable, but who at least can finally do some real biology, say, which was next to impossible under Stalin. Yet still they believe in communism. Spufford illuminates some aspects of the utopian nature of Soviet thought by referencing science fiction writers - books by Jack Womack, H. G. Wells, Ken Macleod, and Boris and Arkady Strugatsky all come up in the endnotes.
Despite its many excellences, I like this book less well than commentary around the web led me to expect. Spufford has not managed the novelist’s feat of creating believable, sympathetic characters, nor the short story writer’s trick of capturing some particularity. If anything, he has taken the science-fiction writer’s approach: acting out the interplay of ideas through somewhat generic, everyperson viewpoints. The book might have been better at greater length, letting us have more than a few pages to get to know the single-mother scientist moving to Academgorodok, or the clever, rising manager, or the young woman whose plans for future success are derailed at an exhibition of US consumer goods. The major exception is the longer chapter, “Favours,” about the bad day of an entrepreneurial dealmaker, or “fixer”, both needed and despised by a system in which his work was illegal. I would like to hear more about Comrade Chekuskin, whose story could probably expand to a novel’s length.
Spufford’s book shows us how smart, basically well-meaning people will behave in essentially insane ways when so constrained by their social system. I live in a country on the winning side of the last century’s competition, but our economic and political trends of recent decades suggest that we are not immune from this sort of insanity. That alone might be reason enough to read the book.
Yes, "Red Plenty" is "about" the history of centralized planning in the USSR, or rather it is about the romance of the idea of centralized economic planning, which for a time held apparatchiks and citizens alike in its thrall. Reviewers have struggled to find an apt genre description for Spufford's work (fact? fiction? "faction?"), but the reader may do best to take the author at his word when he claims to have written a fairy tale. Whatever label you ultimately decide to put on it, Red Plenty is a well-written and engrossing read. Despite its subject matter and the cover art, the book has nothing in common with the leaden style of Soviet Socialist Realism. I should know -- I've had to read "Cement" (Gladkov) in my time.
Indeed, Spufford's writing is so intelligent and his achievement so remarkable that we will even forgive him the tired cliche of the backwards "R" in the spelling of the first word of the title. (It's not an "R," people. It's an entirely different letter with an entirely different sound. Sigh.)
The book comes with lots of notes at the end explaining some of the references and situations he uses. It also comes with an extensive bibliography of Russian and western sources both on Russia but also on the Russian economic system. Mr Spufford mixes real life people such as well known prominent politicians Kruschev, Kosygin and Brezhnev and, to the general public at least, lesser known specialists like Leonid Kanotorvich the Soviet economist, with fictional characters who have key roles in the working of the system at crucial points and crucial times. There is no plot except the progress of the Soviet system from the 50s through to the 80s. Chapters and characters are illustrative of key elements of the Soviet economy. Mr Spufford, amazingly, brings it all to life. He adds just enough to the players and their settings to let you know that he has been to Russia and, to the small extent that outsiders always can, has some understanding of it.
It’s an enjoyable book and for someone my age, a visitor to the USSR in 1968, full of nostalgia. But it has its limits. Mr Spufford has done well to ferret out the drama of the times but he is a child of his own western background. There is an ever present hint of cynicism and the thought that the author is sharing a joke with his readers that the Soviets thought that they could make their system work. That isn’t how it was. The system did work. It had no more absurdities than any other economic system. It produced many good results some of which, notably stability, fairness and a social safety net set at a high level, that Russians miss now they have gone. It’s a book by a westerner for westerners. Its good but I’d love to read a critique by an ex-Gosplan economist.
Still and all, a fascinating book.
The bibliography at the end of the book is also very useful - I want to read all the books in the bibliography now.
Unfortunately, I read this book when I was very busy, and I read in small snippets over several weeks. Because of that, I got confused about who some of the characters were, and probably missed a lot of nuance.
Meanwhile, a selection of Soviet citizens, real and fictional, try to get on with their lives as best they can, navigating their way through the complexities of the system. But there is no perfect society, either capitalist or socialist; and this book is an important object lesson in this. Spufford came to Soviet Russia with hindsight and with no previous knowledge of his subject. Starting without preconceptions, he brings the clarity of new discovery to his work; so he shows us that the Soviet economy was growing faster than the USA's in the 1950s, even when all the propaganda and double accounting are stripped out; or he explains some of the basics of Marxism that suggest that capitalism has not, as some commentators put it, "won" and socialism "lost", but rather that capitalism just hasn't reached the end of its useful life just yet and socialism's time may still be to come.
When you pull out just the stories and the expansive afterward (confession - didn't read the afterward) there just isn't much left. And it's the fiction between the research that I find the most compelling. Was there more left on the editing floor? Ok, and the author doesn't read/speak russian? Guy took a real shot with this one.